Trade Remedies Mechanisms

Anti-Dumping Measures

Dumping is defined as the export of a product to the Arab Republic of Egypt at a price lower than its selling price or normal value in the country of origin or export. Investigations in dumping cases are conducted against the producing or exporting companies in the countries concerned, and not against the countries themselves.

In accordance with the provisions of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement, where it is determined that imported products are sold in the Egyptian market at prices lower than their normal value, and that such dumping causes material injury to the domestic industry, threatens to cause such injury, or materially retards the establishment or growth of a domestic industry producing the like product, the government is entitled to impose anti-dumping duties at a level necessary to eliminate the injury and its effects.

Such duties are imposed for a specified period of time and may be extended for additional periods based on the results of periodic reviews, conducted in accordance with prescribed procedures and conditions, where the continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury is established, thereby ensuring the protection of the domestic industry and preventing adverse future effects.

Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

A subsidy is defined as any financial contribution, whether direct (such as grants, loans, or the provision of goods) or indirect (such as loan guarantees, the provision of goods or services other than general infrastructure, or the purchase of goods), provided by the government of a country or any public body therein through programs or schemes

which confers a benefit on the recipient, whether a producer, exporter, or a group of producers or exporters, and which results in the export of goods to the Egyptian market at unfair prices that may cause harm to the domestic like industry. In accordance with the provisions of the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, where it is determined that an imported product, which is like the product manufactured domestically, has benefited from a countervailable subsidy granted by the government of the exporting country, and that such subsidy causes material injury to the domestic industry, threatens to cause such injury, or materially retards the establishment or growth of a domestic industry producing the like product, the government is entitled to impose countervailing duties at a level necessary to offset the effects of the subsidy and remedy the injury suffered by domestic producers.

Safeguard Measures

Safeguard measures may be imposed to address unjustified increases in imports, whether in absolute terms or relative to domestic production, where such increases cause serious injury to the domestic industry or threaten to cause such injury. Such measures aim to provide the domestic industry with the opportunity to restructure, adjust, and restore its competitiveness vis-à-vis increased imports.

The WTO Agreement on Safeguards applies in situations where imports increase suddenly, sharply, and significantly, resulting in serious injury to the domestic industry or a threat thereof, in circumstances where such injury cannot be adequately addressed through other trade remedy instruments. In such cases, a temporary safeguard measure may be adopted to remedy the effects of the increased imports and to protect the domestic industry.

Investigations in safeguard cases are conducted against imports from all countries without discrimination, subject to the possibility of excluding developing country Members whose share of imports of the product concerned into the Arab Republic of Egypt does not exceed 3% of total imports, provided that the collective share of such developing countries does not exceed 9%, in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Safeguards.